The Enigmatic Torrent "Source" Field

#Unraveling the “Source” Field

Some days ago we were testing the Torrust Index Backend. We were using different torrent files. We realized that we were calculating a wrong info-hash when the torrent contained a “source” field.

You can see the details of that issue here.

For the uninitiated, the BitTorrent protocol uses .torrent files to contain metadata about the files we wish to share and distribute. Inside this .torrent file is an “info” dictionary that holds details about these files, such as their names, lengths, and piece hashes.

You can create a torrent file in many different ways. Probably the most common way to create them is by using a BitTorrent client.

For example, if you are using qBittorrent, this is the torrent creation form:

As you can see there is a “source” field in the “Fields” group of inputs.

As we did not know exactly the purpose of this field, our first reaction was to look for official documentation about that field in BEPs. In the context of BitTorrent, a BEP stands for “BitTorrent Enhancement Proposal.” It’s analogous to Python’s PEP (Python Enhancement Proposal) or Bitcoin’s BIP (Bitcoin Improvement Proposal).

While many fields are well-documented and are integral to the functioning of the protocol, the “source” field remains a relatively understudied element. Here’s what we know:

Purpose: The “source” field isn’t necessarily needed for the basic functioning of BitTorrent. It often appears to be used as a marker or tag to indicate where the torrent was created or originated. This is particularly handy for private torrent sites or groups that wish to ‘mark’ a torrent file to trace its distribution.

Format: Typically, this field contains a string, which may be the name of the website or organization that created or released the torrent. Some tracker use a three-char code representing the tracker.

Implications: While it may seem benign, the “source” field can have ramifications. Torrents marked with a particular source might be treated differently, either more trustingly or with suspicion, depending on the reputation of the source. Furthermore, for private trackers, a torrent with an unauthorized or modified “source” field might lead to banning of users, as it could indicate redistribution of exclusive content.

#“Source” field internals

Metainfo files (also known as .torrent files) are bencoded dictionaries. The contents of a BitTorrent file are described in the BEP 03.

The JSON representation of a torrent file, after decoding the bytes is something like this:

{
	"announce": "http://localhost",
	"comment": "Comments",
	"created by": "qBittorrent v4.4.1",
	"creation date": 1690882922,
	"info": {
		"length": 172204,
		"name": "mandelbrot_2048x2048.png",
		"piece length": 16384,
		"pieces": "<hex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hex>",
		"private": 1,
		"source": "Source"
	},
	"url-list": "http://localhost/mandelbrot_2048x2048.png"
}

As you can see there is one key or field called info. This part of the file is used to generate the info-hash, which is the torrent unique identifier.

BEP-03 does not mention the source and private fields.

There are two different types of torrent files:

• The single file case: where the torrent contains a single file.
• The multi-file case: where the torrent contains a directory.

Here is another example of a torrent containing multiple files:

{
	"announce": "http://localhost",
	"comment": "Comments",
	"created by": "qBittorrent v4.4.1",
	"creation date": 1691069437,
	"info": {
		"files": [
			{
				"length": 37,
				"path": ["file-425ef9ca-014d-403f-8f15-3ece9e3fad38.txt"]
			},
			{
				"length": 37,
				"path": ["file-deeafa50-2e25-4f38-bec0-92865ca6bb1d.txt"]
			}
		],
		"name": "dir-839a49f0-cabc-4efb-ad5f-b6fb15f8a467",
		"piece length": 16384,
		"pieces": "<hex>8E 47 18 74 52 8E 68 92 DD 86 66 F0 0B DD AD B1 08 DC 69 44</hex>",
		"private": 1
	},
	"url-list": "http://localhost/mandelbrot_2048x2048.png"
}

#BitTorrent Documentation: Lost in the Ether?

This isn’t the first time we’ve encountered a hazy area within BitTorrent’s realm. While the protocol itself is revolutionary, providing a decentralized way to share large amounts of data efficiently, its documentation often leaves much to be desired. Here’s why this is a concern:

Reduced Accessibility: For new developers or enthusiasts looking to delve into the BitTorrent ecosystem, inadequate documentation can be a significant barrier to entry.

Inconsistent Implementations: Vague documentation can lead to varied interpretations and consequently, inconsistent implementations across different BitTorrent clients.

Potential for Misuse: Ambiguous or missing documentation can lead to unintended use or misuse of fields, potentially compromising the integrity of the protocol or the data being shared.

#Cross-seeding

It’s out of the scope of this post to provide an exhaustive explanation of the cross-seeding concept. If you think it could be an interesting topic for a new blog post let us know. But the “source” field in the “info” part of the torrent files might be related to cross-seeding too.

Cross-seeding in the BitTorrent context refers to the practice of seeding the same content (files) using two or more different torrent files, typically from different trackers. This is particularly useful when the exact same file or set of files is available on multiple trackers but might have different torrent files associated with them due to differences in metadata, source tags, or directory structures.

BitTorrent clients usually do not allow you to add the same content twice, so cross-seeding is a way to get around this limitation. If you want to add a new tracker to a torrent file that you are already seeding, the client usually adds the new tracker to the tracker list in the previous torrent file. This could be a reason to ban you from some private trackers.

Some private trackers change the list of trackers in the torrent files to prevent cross-seeding. They remove other trackers URLs and they also use the source file to generate a different info-hash. This is a way to force you to download the torrent file from their website and track you to know if you are seeding the torrent file from another tracker.

#What are the reliable sources for BitTorrent documentation?

Some of the sources we have found reliable and useful are:

• https://www.bittorrent.org/beps/bep_0000.html: BitTorrent Enhancement Proposals (BEPs) describe proposed changes to the BitTorrent protocol, including new features and extensions to existing features.
• http://libtorrent.org/: libtorrent is a feature complete C++ bittorrent library.
• https://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentSpecification: This wiki is a comprehensive reference for the BitTorrent protocol.

If you think we are missing any other reliable source, please let us know by opening an issue or opening a pull request to update this post.

#Links

• The issue that originated this post.
• Open questions on GitHub qBittorrent project.
• Wikipedia: Bencode.
• Stackoverflow: What exactly is the info_Hash in a torrent file.

#Acknowledgments

For this port and in other places we are using an online tool to generate JSON objects from torrent files: https://chocobo1.github.io/bencode_online/ by Mike Tzou.

Kimbatt helped us to find some sources of information.

#Conclusion

While the BitTorrent protocol remains a cornerstone of peer-to-peer data sharing, there’s a palpable need for comprehensive, clear, and easily accessible documentation. The “source” field in the “info” part of the torrent files serves as a poignant reminder of this necessity. As we continue to rely on such protocols for our digital interactions, understanding their nuances becomes not just an intellectual exercise but a practical imperative.

If you have any questions or issues regarding this post, please open an issue.

For any other questions or issues related to Torrust repositories, please open an issue on the corresponding repository:

• Torrust Tracker: https://github.com/torrust/torrust-tracker/issues
• Torrust Index Backend: https://github.com/torrust/torrust-index-backend/issues
• Torrust Index Frontend: https://github.com/torrust/torrust-index-frontend/issues

We very welcome any contributions to the project!